As global mobility increases and families span multiple borders, questions about citizenship by descent have become more common—and more complex. With the introduction of Bill C-3 in Canada’s Parliament, 2025 marks a significant moment for individuals seeking clarity on their legal status or that of their children. This proposed legislation aims to close existing gaps, address past injustices, and modernize the rules surrounding Canadian citizenship through descent.

While Bill C-3 is not yet law, it has garnered national attention and brought important discussions to the forefront. For families navigating cross-border identities, understanding the scope and implications of this bill is essential.

What Is Citizenship by Descent?

Citizenship by descent refers to the ability of an individual to obtain citizenship based on the status of their Canadian parent(s), even if the child is born outside of Canada. Under current rules established by Bill C-37 (2009), citizenship can only be automatically passed down one generation outside Canada. This means that if a Canadian citizen was also born abroad, their child would not be automatically eligible for Canadian citizenship.

Why Bill C-3 Matters in 2025

Bill C-3 proposes to amend the Citizenship Act to expand eligibility for citizenship by descent beyond the first generation born abroad. This change responds to increasing legal challenges and human rights concerns that the current system creates inequality within families.

If passed, Bill C-3 would:

• Reinstate citizenship for individuals who lost it due to past legislative changes or gaps.

• Extend automatic citizenship rights to children born abroad to Canadian parents beyond the first generation, in certain cases.

• Provide a framework for discretionary grants of citizenship in cases where undue hardship or loss of status occurred due to the one-generation limit.

Key Requirements and Considerations

While the bill is still under debate, the federal government has shared guidance on the intent and structure of the proposed changes. Families should be aware of several important factors:

• Proof of Parentage: Applicants must prove a direct biological or legal relationship to a Canadian parent at the time of the child’s birth.

• Connection to Canada: Some provisions may require the parent to demonstrate a “substantial connection” to Canada, such as employment history, residency, or other ties.

• Retroactive Protections: In certain cases, individuals who were previously denied citizenship could see their status reinstated retroactively, subject to eligibility review.

These changes would bring Canada’s rules more in line with international norms and address long-standing concerns about family unity and equal treatment.

Who Could Benefit from Bill C-3?

Bill C-3 would be particularly meaningful for:

• Second-generation Canadians born abroad who currently face barriers to passing on citizenship to their children.

• Children of Canadian parents working abroad in international development, diplomacy, or the private sector.

• Families separated due to inconsistent legal interpretations or previous denials under the current law.

If your family has been affected by citizenship denial or uncertainty, this bill could create new pathways for status recognition.

Legal Implications and Next Steps

If passed, Bill C-3 would require the government to revise administrative processes and documentation standards. This means:

• New application procedures for eligible individuals.

• Re-evaluation of past citizenship denials.

• Additional scrutiny of proof of Canadian lineage.

For affected individuals, it will be important to gather documents early—such as birth certificates, proof of parentage, and records of the parent’s Canadian status.

What Families Should Do Now

Although Bill C-3 has not yet become law, its momentum suggests change is on the horizon. To prepare, families should consider:

• Consulting with an immigration lawyer to assess eligibility under the proposed changes.

• Gathering documentation that may support future citizenship applications.

• Monitoring the legislative process to stay informed about key developments.

Navigating cross-border citizenship laws can be complex. Our Immigration Law team is available to help assess your situation and guide you through current and future application options.